In other words, a post hoc fallacy occurs when there is a lack of a cause-and-effect relationship, while a non sequitur fallacy occurs when there is a lack of logical connection. It is the tendency to deny a conclusion even though there is sufficient evidence that supports it. Slothful induction occurs due to our natural tendency to dismiss events or facts that do not align with our personal biases and expectations. For example, a researcher may try to explain away unexpected results by claiming it is just a coincidence.

The drive towards sustainability demands more connectivity and digitalisation of field assets, exposing them to cyber risks. CyberOwl helps operators identify and map their assets, gain early warning of cyber risks and prove to themselves and regulators that they have secured it. We work with the world’s largest maritime asset operators across EMEA and Asia Pacific to improve resilience of the global shipping logistics supply chain. In 2021, we have grown bookings by 14 times and doubled operations in the UK and Singapore. UK businesses and organisations have a clearer understanding of what to do in the event of an incident, who to call, who can help and how to recover.

• However, these resources may not be used to support publicity for party political purposes.
• Smart city improvements also provide new value from existing infrastructure while creating new revenue streams and operational efficiencies to help save money for governments and citizens alike.
• If you are directly analysing some aspect of the movie itself – for example, the cinematography, narrative techniques, or social context – the movie is a primary source.
• The UK cyber security sector is growing fast, with over 1400 businesses generating revenues of £8.9 billion last year, supporting 46,700 skilled jobs, and attracting significant overseas investment.
• We will strengthen our work with international partners to ensure that increased global data access and flows do not increase the security risks facing the UK, and also address the security challenges posed by mass data collection.

Malicious cyber activity was also detected on the Irish Department of Health (DoH) network however due to the deployment of tools during the investigation process an attempt to execute ransomware was detected and stopped. The attack also had an impact on Northern Ireland, affecting the ability to access data held by HSE for some cross-border patient services. However, we face competing approaches internationally as systemic competitors like China and Russia continue to advocate for greater national sovereignty over cyberspace as the answer to security challenges.

• These could include, for example, large print, Braille or audio versions of literature and/or minicom services on the telephone.
• Talent management The ability to attract, motivate and retain high quality people to deliver the strategic goals and objectives of the organisation.
• You can mix it up by using simple random sampling, systematic sampling, or stratified sampling to select units at different stages, depending on what is applicable and relevant to your study.
• Content validity shows you how accurately a test or other measurement method taps  into the various aspects of the specific construct you are researching.
• And we will use public sector procurement more effectively and establish a comprehensive directory of NCSC accredited providers to encourage the demand for high quality cyber security products and services.
• Resource requirement The requirement for a particular resource by a particular activity.

There may be some sensitivity where the matters publicised are the product of controversial legislation or potentially controversial policies. However, the Government has a responsibility to inform the public of policy and legislative changes. Government communicators must ensure that the information is presented in an objective way that concentrates on informing the public about the content of legislation and how it affects them. The Government has a duty to inform the public about legislation, policies, the services available to them and their rights and liabilities.

Over the next few years, we will increase investment in international programmes to support partner countries, helping build their resilience and enhancing their abilities to counter cyber threats. And we will better leverage the full range of our domestic strengths, including operational and strategic communications expertise, thought leadership, trading relationships and industrial partnerships to support our international goals. For over a decade the UK has pursued an ambitious national cyber security strategy and sustained a significant level of investment, establishing the country as a global leader in cyber. As evident from the analysis above, significant challenges and opportunities remain. This will be exacerbated by competition for control of a rapidly evolving technological landscape.

In contrast, random assignment is a way of sorting the sample into control and experimental groups. In general, you should always use random assignment in this type of experimental design when it is ethically possible and makes sense for your study topic. Random assignment is used in experiments with a between-groups or independent measures design. In this research design, there’s usually a control group and one or more experimental groups.

And we will increase the exporting capabilities of cyber companies across more regions of the UK through engagement with the regional cyber clusters and set piece events to showcase more of our cyber industry talent to international buyers. This strategy aims to remove as much of the burden of cyber security from citizens as possible but we will all continue to have an important role to play. Whilst the government will do as much as possible to stop cyber attacks before they cause harm to people, some threat actors will find a way to circumvent these protections.

The Director of Communications is responsible to the Permanent Secretary and the Executive Director for Government Communication for ensuring that government communicators understand the limits of their remit, providing any necessary support and advice. It is the duty of media officers to present the policies of their department to the public through the media and to try to ensure that they are understood. The media officer must always reflect the ministerial line clearly, even where policies are opposed by opposition parties. As a general guide to the type of restrictions that may apply government communicators are advised to consult previous examples of election guidance. Publicly funded government communications cannot be used primarily or solely to meet party political objectives.

In particular, we will do this by creating a civil forfeiture power to mitigate the risks posed by those who cannot be prosecuted. For citizens, cyber crimes often manifest in the further crimes they enable and facilitate. Unauthorised computer access can lead to a wide range of frauds, theft, sextortion, and in some cases facilitate stalking, domestic abuse and harassment. All of these crimes cause significant harm to UK citizens on a daily basis, destroying businesses and ruining lives. Cyber crimes are therefore distinct and different from wider online safety issues such as bullying and harassment, hate speech, the spreading of disinformation, promotion of gang culture and violence, or underage access to pornography.

It is right and proper for government to use public funds and resources for publicity and advertising to explain their policies and to inform the public of the government services available to them and of their rights and liabilities. However, these resources may not be used to support publicity for party political purposes. The Government also has a responsibility and a right to use publicity to encourage behaviour that is in the public interest (for example crime prevention or road safety advertising). These campaigns may include a wide range of media channels and techniques to engage with audiences in a timely, appropriate and effective manner.

It would, however, be counterproductive if the level of spending on a publicity campaign impeded the communication of the message it was intended to convey, by itself becoming a controversial issue. The Government is accountable to Parliament for the use it makes of Civil Service staff or other public resources or expenditure. The Accounting Officer for the vote concerned has a particular responsibility to the Public Accounts Committee for the propriety of using public resources for these purposes, as well as for the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of their use. The resources employed should be proportional to the objectives or policy of the programme involved and justifiable on value-for-money grounds. It is possible that a well-founded publicity campaign can create political credit for the party in government. But this must not be the primary or a significant purpose of government information or publicity activities paid for from public funds.

An example of a KRR application is a semantic network, a way of grouping words or concepts by how closely related they are and formally defining the relationships between them so that a machine can "understand" language in something like the way people do. The challenge involves developing systems that can "understand" the text well enough to extract this kind of data from it. For example, you might think of using news articles full of celebrity gossip to automatically create a database of the relationships between the celebrities mentioned (e.g., married, dating, divorced, feuding). You would end up with data in a structured format, something like MarriageBetween(celebrity1,celebrity2,date). According to OpenAI’s terms of use, users have the right to use outputs from their own ChatGPT conversations for any purpose (including commercial publication).

Today, as part of this unique team at the National Cyber Force, I’m part of a force for good on a global scale. Our judgment is that, as cyberspace becomes ever more fundamental to our interests and those of our allies and adversaries, it is a strategic imperative to foster our competitive advantage in navigating this landscape. This will enable us not only to assure our security today but also to shape and benefit from the world of tomorrow. The NCSC publish guidance on how to defend organisations against malware or ransomware attacks, including how to prepare for an incident and steps to take if your organisation is already infected. Our strategy reflects this, describing how we will work with partners wherever we can as part of a whole-of-society effort.

• Finish-to-start lag The minimum amount of time that must pass between the finish of one activity and the start of its successor(s).
• Stakeholder identification The process of identifying stakeholders in a project.
• Offensive cyber operations often exploit technical vulnerabilities, use systems or networks in ways that their owners and operators would not intend or condone, and may rely on deception or misrepresentation.
• Aid is often placed after an attributive noun or adjective (like ‘visual’) that describes the type of help provided.

However, ChatGPT is not able to adequately judge qualities like vulnerability and authenticity. For this reason, it’s important to also ask for feedback from people who have experience with college essays and who know you well. We recommend using a specialised tool like Scribbr’s free paraphrasing tool, which will provide a smoother user experience.

• We will deliver an international values-based campaign to champion human rights, diversity, and gender equality in the design, development and use of cyberspace.
• A project office can range from simple support functions for the project manager to responsibility for linking corporate strategy to project execution.
• Sustainability is an important aspect of smart cities as they seek to improve efficiencies in urban areas and improve citizen welfare.
• References should be included in your text whenever you use words, ideas, or information from a source.
• Risk management plan A document defining how risk management is to be implemented in the context of the particular project concerned.

Quality audit An official examination to determine whether practices conform to specified standards or a critical analysis of whether a deliverable meets quality criteria. Qualitative risk analysis A generic term for subjective methods of assessing risks that cannot be identified accurately. Project variance Changes to cost or schedule that are within the current work plan or scope. Project strategy A comprehensive definition of how a project will be developed and managed. Project status report A report on the status of accomplishments and any variances to spending and schedule plans.

We could aim simply to keep pace with the threats and challenges we face in an increasingly complex cyberspace, consolidating the progress of the last five years and addressing the most urgent issues where we can. The first is that we do not fully realise the potential of the UK’s strength in cyber to support national priorities, and miss out on opportunities. The second, more severe risk is that we reach a technological tipping point, and find that the foundations of our future economy and society are being shaped by our competitors and adversaries, and that we will have to work harder to assure our own security.

• We recognise there is more work to be done to embed professional standards and pathways across the cyber ecosystem, including across government, defence and law enforcement.
• It can also include helping others cheat, copying a friend’s homework answers, or even pretending to be sick to miss an exam.
• Where appropriate, this will inform wider decision-making on science and technology priorities through the Office for Science and Technology Strategy and National Science and Technology Council.
• A steady and diverse flow of highly-skilled people coming through our education system.

Social media helps populists (both as candidates and as part of the governing regime) to aggregate and unify people to promote a shared cause against the liberal establishment and liberal freedoms and to erode democratic pillars. Malign external actors use social media to intervene in democratic elections in weak democratic countries to cause further erosion of trust in the democratic system. These combined actions create a radicalizing effect in weak liberal democracies that can potentially turn a liberal-democratic regime into an illiberal regime, or even an autocratic one. The use of social media platforms as a disseminator of fake news article and disinformation during an election process leads to a radicalizing effect when it occurs in weak democratic countries. Social media can be used by populist and anti-establishment candidates (domestic opposition) and may diminish democratic institutions and processes. Some of these practices continue even after these candidates are elected to office.

As late as possible (ALAP) An activity for which the early start date is set as late as possible without delaying the early dates of any successor. Analogous estimating An estimating technique based on the comparison with, and factoring from, the cost of similar, previous work. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) The collective term for settling disputes with the help of an independent third party without a court hearing, for example, arbitration, adjudication and mediation. Alliancing An arrangement whereby two or more organisations agree to manage a contract or range of contracts between them jointly. Actual time expended The elapsed time from the beginning of an activity to date.

Fishbone diagrams (also called herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, and Ishikawa diagrams) are most popular in fields of quality management. They are also commonly used in nursing and healthcare, or as a brainstorming technique for students. These are all ways to refer to the same thing– a problem-solving approach that uses a fish-shaped diagram to model possible root causes of problems and troubleshoot solutions.

Exponential advances in technology combined with decreasing costs have made the world more connected than ever before, driving extraordinary opportunity, innovation and progress. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated this trend, but we are likely still in the early stages of a long-term structural shift. The global expansion of cyberspace is changing the way we live, work and communicate, and transforming the critical systems we rely on in areas such as finance, energy, food distribution, healthcare and transport. This offers extraordinary opportunities for technologically advanced countries like the UK to pursue their national goals in new ways. The first generation of smart city was delivered by technology providers to understand the implications of technology on daily life.